Cited references for this diagram
However, event study analysis showed increases in each NRT product sales in two quarters before the policy change in Massachusetts, indicating preintervention increases in NRT product sales (online supplemental figure S2).
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
Compared with the comparison states, the unadjusted 4-week NRT product sales per 1000 adults who smoke cigarettes in Massachusetts increased by 505.10 (95% CI 83.01 to 927.19; p=0.02) pieces for gums
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
Compared with the comparison states, the unadjusted 4-week NRT product sales per 1000 adults who smoke cigarettes in Massachusetts increased by 505.10 (95% CI 83.01 to 927.19; p=0.02) pieces for gums and 393.96 (95% CI 175.01 to 612.90; p
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
The adjusted 4-week NRT product sales per 1000 adults who smoke cigarettes in Massachusetts compared with the comparison states increased by 643.11 (95% CI 365.33 to 920.89; p
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
The adjusted 4-week NRT product sales per 1000 adults who smoke cigarettes in Massachusetts compared with the comparison states increased by 643.11 (95% CI 365.33 to 920.89; p
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
There was no statistically significant change in patch NRT sales per 1000 adults who smoke cigarettes in Massachusetts compared with the comparison states after the policy was implemented.
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
By redefining the after-policy period to include the period of anticipation (1 January 2020 to 13 June 2020), we estimated higher increases in the sales of NRT products for gums (887.80 pieces; 95% CI 633.80 to 1141.80; p
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
By redefining the after-policy period to include the period of anticipation (1 January 2020 to 13 June 2020), we estimated higher increases in the sales of NRT products for gums (887.80 pieces; 95% CI 633.80 to 1141.80; p
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
By redefining the after-policy period to include the period of anticipation (1 January 2020 to 13 June 2020), we estimated higher increases in the sales of NRT products for gums (887.80 pieces; 95% CI 633.80 to 1141.80; p
Asare, S., Xue, Z., Bandi, P., Westmaas, J. L., Jemal, A., & Nargis, N. (2024). Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 33(6), 813–816.
Facilitators included strong city council support, leadership from impacted communities, community awareness-building campaigns, and understanding tobacco industry counter-tactics
Bosma, L. M., D’Silva, J., Moze, J., Matter, C., Kingsbury, J. H., & Brock, B. (2021). Restricting Sales of Menthol Tobacco Products: Lessons Learned from Policy Passage and Implementation in Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth, Minnesota. Health Equity, 5(1), 439–447.
Facilitators included strong city council support, leadership from impacted communities, community awareness-building campaigns, and understanding tobacco industry counter-tactics
Bosma, L. M., D’Silva, J., Moze, J., Matter, C., Kingsbury, J. H., & Brock, B. (2021). Restricting Sales of Menthol Tobacco Products: Lessons Learned from Policy Passage and Implementation in Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth, Minnesota. Health Equity, 5(1), 439–447.
Facilitators included strong city council support, leadership from impacted communities, community awareness-building campaigns, and understanding tobacco industry counter-tactics
Bosma, L. M., D’Silva, J., Moze, J., Matter, C., Kingsbury, J. H., & Brock, B. (2021). Restricting Sales of Menthol Tobacco Products: Lessons Learned from Policy Passage and Implementation in Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth, Minnesota. Health Equity, 5(1), 439–447.
Facilitators included strong city council support, leadership from impacted communities, community awareness-building campaigns, and understanding tobacco industry counter-tactics
Bosma, L. M., D’Silva, J., Moze, J., Matter, C., Kingsbury, J. H., & Brock, B. (2021). Restricting Sales of Menthol Tobacco Products: Lessons Learned from Policy Passage and Implementation in Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth, Minnesota. Health Equity, 5(1), 439–447.
Smokers who did not make a quit attempt before bans were less likely than those who made a pre-ban quit attempt to make a quit attempt at follow-up
Chung-Hall, J., Fong, G. T., Meng, G., Cummings, K. M., Hyland, A., O’Connor, R. J., Quah, A. C. K., & Craig, L. V. (2022). Evaluating the impact of menthol cigarette bans on cessation and smoking behaviours in Canada: longitudinal findings from the Canadian arm of the 2016–2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys. Tobacco Control, 31(4), 556–563.
Smokers who did not make a quit attempt before bans were less likely than those who made a pre-ban quit attempt to make a quit attempt at follow-up
Chung-Hall, J., Fong, G. T., Meng, G., Cummings, K. M., Hyland, A., O’Connor, R. J., Quah, A. C. K., & Craig, L. V. (2022). Evaluating the impact of menthol cigarette bans on cessation and smoking behaviours in Canada: longitudinal findings from the Canadian arm of the 2016–2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys. Tobacco Control, 31(4), 556–563.
Smokers with no plans to quit before bans were also less likely than those with plans to quit before bans to make a quit attempt at follow-up.
Chung-Hall, J., Fong, G. T., Meng, G., Cummings, K. M., Hyland, A., O’Connor, R. J., Quah, A. C. K., & Craig, L. V. (2022). Evaluating the impact of menthol cigarette bans on cessation and smoking behaviours in Canada: longitudinal findings from the Canadian arm of the 2016–2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys. Tobacco Control, 31(4), 556–563.
Menthol smokers who said they would quit in the event of a ban were more likely to have attempted to quit in the previous 12 months than those who said they would not
D’Silva, J., Amato, M. S., & Boyle, R. G. (2015). Quitting and Switching: Menthol Smokers’ Responses to a Menthol Ban. Tobacco Regulatory Science, 1(1), 54–60.
In Canada, menthol or capsule smoking was more common among participants who reported being a little or very addicted to cigarettes than those who reported not being addicted (3.1% vs 1.3%; AOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P = .01) (Table 2)
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
In England, there was little evidence for any associations between cigarette consumption or dependence and menthol or capsule smoking (Table 2).
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
In the US, menthol or capsule smoking was more common among those who smoked on at least 20 of the past 30 days vs otherwise (38.1% vs 32.7%; AOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13; P = .03)
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
In the US, menthol or capsule smoking was more common among those ... who smoked 2 to 5 (37.9%) or more than 5 (38.5%) cigarettes per day than those who smoked 1 or fewer (29.8%) (2-5 vs 1 cigarettes per day, AOR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02-1.15; P = .006; >5 vs 1 cigarettes per day, AOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18; P = .007) [C1] United States [/C1]
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
In the US, menthol or capsule smoking was more common among those ... who reported urges to smoke every or most days vs less often (38.0% vs 30.3%; AOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.14; P = .006) (Table 2) [C1] United States [/C1]
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
Any menthol or capsule smoking in the past 30 days was also associated with a greater number of consumption and dependence indicators in all 3 countries than the usual brand measure (Table 2).
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
Any menthol or capsule smoking in the past 30 days was also associated with a greater number of consumption and dependence indicators in all 3 countries than the usual brand measure (Table 2).
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
Any menthol or capsule smoking in the past 30 days was also associated with a greater number of consumption and dependence indicators in all 3 countries than the usual brand measure (Table 2).
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
Any menthol or capsule smoking in the past 30 days was also associated with a greater number of consumption and dependence indicators in all 3 countries than the usual brand measure (Table 2).
East, K. A., Reid, J. L., Burkhalter, R., Kock, L., Hyland, A., Fong, G. T., & Hammond, D. (2022). Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210029.
Non-flavored little cigars saw no significant change over time or between categories, and while vape pens were less available over time in Category 1 cities, there was no difference when compared with Category 2 cities.
Holmes, L. M., Lempert, L. K., & Ling, P. M. (2022). Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions Reduce Tobacco Product Availability and Retailer Advertising. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3455.
Point prevalence cessation rates were similar between groups (online supplementary table 1) as were biochemical biomarkers of smoking (ie, exhaled CO and urinary cotinine concentrations), craving and withdrawal symptom severity, perceived health risks and support for a menthol ban (online supplementary table 2).
Kotlyar, M., Shanley, R., Dufresne, S. R., Corcoran, G. A., Okuyemi, K. S., Mills, A. M., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2021b). Effects on time to lapse of switching menthol smokers to non-menthol cigarettes prior to a cessation attempt: a pilot study. Tobacco Control, 30(5), 574–577.
Over the 4-week period, the non-menthol group averaged modestly lower scores on all measures of perceived risk, with perceived risk of addiction (mean difference −1.38; 95% CI: −2.37 to −0.39; p = .01) and perceived risk of mouth cancer (mean difference −0.84; 95% CI: −1.66 to −0.03; p = .05) having the largest differences and the only measures for which the difference reached statistical significance (Table 1).
Kotlyar, M., Shanley, R., Dufresne, S. R., Corcoran, G. A., Okuyemi, K. S., Mills, A. M., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2021a). Effects on Smoking Behavior of Switching Menthol Smokers to Non-menthol Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 23(11), 1921–1927.
Over the 4-week period, the non-menthol group averaged modestly lower scores on all measures of perceived risk, with perceived risk of addiction (mean difference −1.38; 95% CI: −2.37 to −0.39; p = .01) and perceived risk of mouth cancer (mean difference −0.84; 95% CI: −1.66 to −0.03; p = .05) having the largest differences and the only measures for which the difference reached statistical significance (Table 1).
Kotlyar, M., Shanley, R., Dufresne, S. R., Corcoran, G. A., Okuyemi, K. S., Mills, A. M., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2021a). Effects on Smoking Behavior of Switching Menthol Smokers to Non-menthol Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 23(11), 1921–1927.
Although ratings for cigarette perceived health risks were lower in the menthol cigarette abstinence group than in the menthol cigarette non-abstinence group, statistical significance was reached for only 1 measure (i.e., mouth cancer) (Table 2).
Kotlyar, M., Shanley, R., Dufresne, S. R., Corcoran, G. A., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2022a). Effect of restricting menthol flavored cigarettes or E-cigarettes on smoking behavior in menthol smokers. Preventive Medicine, 165, 107243.
No substantial differences among groups were found in measures of motivation or self-efficacy to quit smoking, in nicotine dependence, support for a ban on menthol in tobacco products, or on measures of perceived health risks from the products used
Kotlyar, M., Shanley, R., Dufresne, S. R., Corcoran, G. A., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2022b). Effect on Tobacco Use and Subjective Measures of Including E-cigarettes in a Simulated Ban of Menthol in Combustible Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 24(9), 1448–1457.
No substantial differences among groups were found in measures of motivation or self-efficacy to quit smoking, in nicotine dependence, support for a ban on menthol in tobacco products, or on measures of perceived health risks from the products used
Kotlyar, M., Shanley, R., Dufresne, S. R., Corcoran, G. A., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2022b). Effect on Tobacco Use and Subjective Measures of Including E-cigarettes in a Simulated Ban of Menthol in Combustible Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 24(9), 1448–1457.
No substantial differences among groups were found in measures of motivation or self-efficacy to quit smoking, in nicotine dependence, support for a ban on menthol in tobacco products, or on measures of perceived health risks from the products used
Kotlyar, M., Shanley, R., Dufresne, S. R., Corcoran, G. A., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2022b). Effect on Tobacco Use and Subjective Measures of Including E-cigarettes in a Simulated Ban of Menthol in Combustible Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 24(9), 1448–1457.
Further, we found a moderate negative correlation between the proportion of the menthol packs per census tract and the distance to exempt tobacco retailers (r = -0.66, p = .05). As the distance between census tracts and retailers increased, the proportion of menthol cigarettes decreased.
Smiley, S. L., & Shin, H. (2024). Motivation to Quit Smoking Among Black Adults Residing in Los Angeles County Communities With Menthol Cigarette Sales Restrictions. Substance Use & Misuse, 59(5), 727–731.
Menthol smokers were less likely to support a ban on menthol (aOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.08–0.43)
Kyriakos, C. N., Fong, G. T., De Abreu Perez, C., Szklo, A. S., Driezen, P., Quah, A. C. K., Figueiredo, V. C., & Filippidis, F. T. (2022). Brazilian smokers are ready for the ban on flavour additives in tobacco to be implemented. Preventive Medicine, 160, 107074.
Menthol smokers were less likely to support a ban on menthol (aOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.08–0.43) and on all additives (aOR = 0.24, 0.12–0.49)
Kyriakos, C. N., Fong, G. T., De Abreu Perez, C., Szklo, A. S., Driezen, P., Quah, A. C. K., Figueiredo, V. C., & Filippidis, F. T. (2022). Brazilian smokers are ready for the ban on flavour additives in tobacco to be implemented. Preventive Medicine, 160, 107074.
Those who reported that additive-free cigarettes are less harmful were more likely to support a ban on additives (aOR = 1.72, 1.18–2.50).
Kyriakos, C. N., Fong, G. T., De Abreu Perez, C., Szklo, A. S., Driezen, P., Quah, A. C. K., Figueiredo, V. C., & Filippidis, F. T. (2022). Brazilian smokers are ready for the ban on flavour additives in tobacco to be implemented. Preventive Medicine, 160, 107074.
. Menthol smokers were more likely than otherwise similar nonmenthol smokers to disagree with a menthol ban (50.5% vs 31.2%; P
Pearson, J. L., Abrams, D. B., Niaura, R. S., Richardson, A., & Vallone, D. M. (2012). A Ban on Menthol Cigarettes: Impact on Public Opinion and Smokers’ Intention to Quit. American Journal of Public Health, 102(11), e107–e114.
Menthol smokers with at least 1 recent quit attempt had twice the AOR as otherwise similar smokers who had not recently tried to quit of reporting they would rather quit than switch to a nonmenthol brand.
Pearson, J. L., Abrams, D. B., Niaura, R. S., Richardson, A., & Vallone, D. M. (2012). A Ban on Menthol Cigarettes: Impact on Public Opinion and Smokers’ Intention to Quit. American Journal of Public Health, 102(11), e107–e114.
Controlling for individual factors (i.e., sex, annual household income, highest education level attainment, age at cigarette initiation, and nicotine dependence), participants’ perception of menthol cigarettes as harmful/risky (B=14.69, p
Smiley, S. L., & Shin, H. (2024). Motivation to Quit Smoking Among Black Adults Residing in Los Angeles County Communities With Menthol Cigarette Sales Restrictions. Substance Use & Misuse, 59(5), 727–731.
This study found that menthol bans likely have direct and indirect positive effects on smoking cessation among menthol smokers. Menthol bans may have the greatest impact on smoking cessation among those who are already motivated to quit before the implementation of a menthol ban.
Soule, E. K., Dubray, J., Cohen, J. E., Schwartz, R., & Chaiton, M. (2021). Smoking cessation strategies used by former menthol cigarette smokers after a menthol ban. Addictive Behaviors, 123, 107046.
Retailers were warned that they would be subject to permit suspension and/or administrative penalties if they did not come into compliance and were offered the opportunity to self-certify compliance by notifying the Department by text message when they had eliminated flavoured tobacco product sales and display. Routine inspections, which included the possibility of citations, started in April 2019. The SFDPH issued 83 Notices of Correction and 4 Notice of Violations between April 2019 and December 2019. Between January 2019 and December 2019, compliance was 80%.
Vyas, P., Ling, P., Gordon, B., Callewaert, J., Dang, A., Smith, D., Chan, B., & Glantz, S. (2021). Compliance with San Francisco’s flavoured tobacco sales prohibition. Tobacco Control, 30(2), 227–230.
“males, older adults, Blacks and Hispanics, those with higher levels of educational attainment, those with lower levels of household income, those with a shorter history of smoking, those who used nonmenthol cigarettes or nonflavored cigars, those who smoked less than daily, those who had moderate or high levels of dependence on smoking, and those who did not obtain cigarettes or cigars solely from local retailers were all more likely to be supportive of both bans compared with their counterparts.”
Yang, Y., Lindblom, E. N., Ward, K. D., & Salloum, R. G. (2022). How Smokers of Menthol Cigarettes and Flavored Cigars Might Respond to FDA’s Proposed Bans. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 24(10), 1645–1653.
Across the surveyed countries, menthol cigarette smokers tended to be younger, more likely to be female, better educated, living with a higher household income, and smoking fewer cigarettes.
Zatoński, M., Herbeć, A., Zatoński, W., Przewoźniak, K., Janik-Koncewicz, K., Mons, U., Fong, G., Demjén, T., Tountas, Y., Trofor, A., Fernández, E., McNeill, A., Willemsen, M., Hummel, K., Quah, A., Kyriakos, C., & Vardavas, C. (2018). Characterising smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes,their attitudes towards tobacco regulation, and the anticipatedimpact of the Tobacco Products Directive on their smoking andquitting behaviours: The EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 16(2).
All groups were predominantly supportive of a smoking ban in restaurants, with highest support reported by menthol smokers (73.5%), and lowest by other flavoured cigarette smokers (63.3%). Almost half of all smokers supported the ban on smoking in bars and pubs, with the support varying significantly by the type of cigarette smoked (56.1% among menthol, 45.4% among other flavoured cigarette smokers).
Zatoński, M., Herbeć, A., Zatoński, W., Przewoźniak, K., Janik-Koncewicz, K., Mons, U., Fong, G., Demjén, T., Tountas, Y., Trofor, A., Fernández, E., McNeill, A., Willemsen, M., Hummel, K., Quah, A., Kyriakos, C., & Vardavas, C. (2018). Characterising smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes,their attitudes towards tobacco regulation, and the anticipatedimpact of the Tobacco Products Directive on their smoking andquitting behaviours: The EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 16(2).
The most divisive issue between menthol smokers and other smokers was that of banning additives, including flavourings, in cigarettes, with only 25.1% of menthol smokers supporting such a law, compared to 49.9% of other flavoured cigarette smokers.
Zatoński, M., Herbeć, A., Zatoński, W., Przewoźniak, K., Janik-Koncewicz, K., Mons, U., Fong, G., Demjén, T., Tountas, Y., Trofor, A., Fernández, E., McNeill, A., Willemsen, M., Hummel, K., Quah, A., Kyriakos, C., & Vardavas, C. (2018). Characterising smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes,their attitudes towards tobacco regulation, and the anticipatedimpact of the Tobacco Products Directive on their smoking andquitting behaviours: The EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 16(2).
Of 539 local jurisdictions in California, 24 cities or counties had adopted a local flavor ordinance by January 1, 2019, which represents an 11-fold increase from two jurisdictions that adopted ordinances prior to the April 2015 campaign start. The first comprehensive flavor ordinance was adopted by Unincorporated Yolo County in October 2016. By the end of 2017, only two comprehensive flavor ordinances had been adopted in California. In 2018, four more comprehensive ordinances passed, so that by January 1, 2019, one in four local flavor ordinances were comprehensive (see Table 2).
Andersen-Rodgers, E., Zhang, X., Vuong, T. D., Hendrix, L., Edora, C., Williams, R. J., Groves, L., Roeseler, A., Rogers, T., Voelker, D. H., Schleicher, N. C., Johnson, T. O., & Henriksen, L. (2021). Are California’s Local Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions Effective in Reducing the Retail Availability of Flavored Tobacco Products? A Multicomponent Evaluation. Evaluation Review, 45(3–4), 134–165.
While products with ambiguous flavor names were also significantly less prevalent in flavor ordinance jurisdictions compared to matched no-ordinance jurisdictions (cigarillo/cigar wraps: 53.9% vs. 78.1%)
Andersen-Rodgers, E., Zhang, X., Vuong, T. D., Hendrix, L., Edora, C., Williams, R. J., Groves, L., Roeseler, A., Rogers, T., Voelker, D. H., Schleicher, N. C., Johnson, T. O., & Henriksen, L. (2021). Are California’s Local Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions Effective in Reducing the Retail Availability of Flavored Tobacco Products? A Multicomponent Evaluation. Evaluation Review, 45(3–4), 134–165.
In Minneapolis between rounds 1 and 2, the average per cent of flavoured tobacco inventory per store decreased significantly while the average per cent of unflavoured tobacco inventory increased significantly
Brock, B., Carlson, S. C., Leizinger, A., D’Silva, J., Matter, C. M., & Schillo, B. A. (2019). A tale of two cities: exploring the retail impact of flavoured tobacco restrictions in the twin cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Tobacco Control, 28(2), 176–180.
In Saint Paul, the average percentages of flavoured and menthol tobacco inventory per store decreased significantly between rounds 1 and 2 while the percentage of unflavoured tobacco inventory increased.
Brock, B., Carlson, S. C., Leizinger, A., D’Silva, J., Matter, C. M., & Schillo, B. A. (2019). A tale of two cities: exploring the retail impact of flavoured tobacco restrictions in the twin cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Tobacco Control, 28(2), 176–180.
They did another round of data gathering in Minneapolis (but not St Paul) because compliance with new ban was so bad
Brock, B., Carlson, S. C., Leizinger, A., D’Silva, J., Matter, C. M., & Schillo, B. A. (2019). A tale of two cities: exploring the retail impact of flavoured tobacco restrictions in the twin cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Tobacco Control, 28(2), 176–180.
In Minneapolis between rounds 1 and 3, there was a significant reduction in the per cent of stores that sold tobacco with ambiguous flavours names such as ‘TaTa’ and ‘Blue’ (80.5% vs 61.5%)
Brock, B., Carlson, S. C., Leizinger, A., D’Silva, J., Matter, C. M., & Schillo, B. A. (2019). A tale of two cities: exploring the retail impact of flavoured tobacco restrictions in the twin cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Tobacco Control, 28(2), 176–180.
In Saint Paul, there was no significant change in the per cent of stores that sold products with ambiguous flavour names (67.6% vs 81.1%).
Brock, B., Carlson, S. C., Leizinger, A., D’Silva, J., Matter, C. M., & Schillo, B. A. (2019). A tale of two cities: exploring the retail impact of flavoured tobacco restrictions in the twin cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Tobacco Control, 28(2), 176–180.
In addition, the NYC Department of Finance’s (DOF) Sheriff’s Office regularly inspected tobacco retailers for compliance with the city’s cigarette excise tax, including searches of retailers’ premises for hidden packs of untaxed cigarettes. Stakeholders reported that DOF found flavored cigars hidden with untaxed cigarettes
Brown, E. M., Rogers, T., Eggers, M. E., Cavazos, M. L., O’Brien, M. S., McCrae, T., Farley, S. M., & Schroth, K. R. J. (2019). Implementation of the New York City Policy Restricting Sales of Flavored Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products. Health Education & Behavior, 46(5), 782–789.
No products with ambiguous names or replacement menthol tobacco were observed in the overall sample.
D’Silva, J., Moze, J., Kingsbury, J. H., Lien, R. K., Matter, C. M., Brock, B., & Akom, A. (2021). Local sales restrictions significantly reduce the availability of menthol tobacco: findings from four Minnesota cities. Tobacco Control, 30(5), 492–497.
No products with ambiguous names or replacement menthol tobacco were observed in the overall sample.
D’Silva, J., Moze, J., Kingsbury, J. H., Lien, R. K., Matter, C. M., Brock, B., & Akom, A. (2021). Local sales restrictions significantly reduce the availability of menthol tobacco: findings from four Minnesota cities. Tobacco Control, 30(5), 492–497.
A total of 7458 tobacco retail licenses were issued during October 2018-August 2019 (pre-flavor ban period), and a total of 7026 tobacco retail licenses were issued during October 2020-August 2021 (post-flavor ban period), representing an overall 5.8% decline in licenses.
Nali, M. C., Purushothaman, V., Li, Z., Cuomo, R., & Mackey, T. K. (2023). Assessing the Impact of the Massachusetts Temporary Flavor Ban on Licensed Tobacco Retailers. Tobacco Use Insights, 16, 1179173X231192821.
While the number of existing retailers that were issued renewed licenses increased by 9.5% (5627 during October 2018-August 2019 and 6163 during October 2020-August 2021)
Nali, M. C., Purushothaman, V., Li, Z., Cuomo, R., & Mackey, T. K. (2023). Assessing the Impact of the Massachusetts Temporary Flavor Ban on Licensed Tobacco Retailers. Tobacco Use Insights, 16, 1179173X231192821.
the number of new tobacco retail licenses issued decreased by 52.9% (1831 during October 2018- August 2019 and 863 during October 2020-August 2021).
Nali, M. C., Purushothaman, V., Li, Z., Cuomo, R., & Mackey, T. K. (2023). Assessing the Impact of the Massachusetts Temporary Flavor Ban on Licensed Tobacco Retailers. Tobacco Use Insights, 16, 1179173X231192821.
Overall, the decrease in total tobacco retail license density across counties in the state of Massachusetts was 7.78 per 100,000 population.
Nali, M. C., Purushothaman, V., Li, Z., Cuomo, R., & Mackey, T. K. (2023). Assessing the Impact of the Massachusetts Temporary Flavor Ban on Licensed Tobacco Retailers. Tobacco Use Insights, 16, 1179173X231192821.
Overall, the decrease in new tobacco retail license density across counties in the state of Massachusetts was 17.15 per 100,000 population.
Nali, M. C., Purushothaman, V., Li, Z., Cuomo, R., & Mackey, T. K. (2023). Assessing the Impact of the Massachusetts Temporary Flavor Ban on Licensed Tobacco Retailers. Tobacco Use Insights, 16, 1179173X231192821.
Between the first and last rounds of compliance checks, violations for sale of tobacco to a minor decreased by 12 percentage points to 2%
Pearlman, D. N., Arnold, J. A., Guardino, G. A., & Welsh, E. B. (2019). Advancing Tobacco Control Through Point of Sale Policies, Providence, Rhode Island. Preventing Chronic Disease, 16, 180614.
In Providence, trends in the percentage of unique explicit-named flavoured cigarillo UPCs (‘sales share’) appear to drop from the prepolicy to the postpolicy period while trends in the share of concept-named and tobacco flavoured cigarillo UPCs appear to increase over these periods
Rogers, T., Gammon, D. G., Coats, E. M., Nonnemaker, J. M., & Xu, X. (2022). Changes in cigarillo availability following implementation of a local flavoured tobacco sales restriction. Tobacco Control, 31(6), 707–713.
Our analysis revealed no association between policy implementation and changes in the number of or trends in available tobacco-named cigarillo UPCs
Rogers, T., Gammon, D. G., Coats, E. M., Nonnemaker, J. M., & Xu, X. (2022). Changes in cigarillo availability following implementation of a local flavoured tobacco sales restriction. Tobacco Control, 31(6), 707–713.
Compared with a national comprehensive FTP retailer ban, which would eliminate FTP sales, a tobacco specialty store only exemption, on average, would result in 6.02% of FTP retailers (0.23 FTP retailers per square mile) remaining per Census tract. If both tobacco specialty stores and alcohol outlets were exempt, on average 14.25% of FTP retailers (0.57 FTP retailers per square mile) would remain per Census tract.
Schillo, B. A., Benson, A. F., Czaplicki, L., Anesetti-Rothermel, A., Kierstead, E. C., Simpson, R., Phelps, N. C., Herman, P., Zhao, C., & Rose, S. W. (2020). Modelling retailer-based exemptions in flavoured tobacco sales restrictions: national estimates on the impact of product availability. BMJ Open, 10(11), e040490.
If no FTP sales restrictions existed nationwide (ie, ‘status quo’), the overall FTP availability across Census tracts was 20.88 per 100000 total population (figure 1A). Under a national FTP sales restriction that exempts tobacco specialty stores only, the average FTP availability across Census tracts would reduce to 1.49 FTP retailers per 100000 population (figure 1B). Exempting both tobacco specialty stores and alcohol outlets would result in an average of 3.77 FTP retailers per 100000 population
Schillo, B. A., Benson, A. F., Czaplicki, L., Anesetti-Rothermel, A., Kierstead, E. C., Simpson, R., Phelps, N. C., Herman, P., Zhao, C., & Rose, S. W. (2020). Modelling retailer-based exemptions in flavoured tobacco sales restrictions: national estimates on the impact of product availability. BMJ Open, 10(11), e040490.
If no FTP sales restrictions existed nationwide (ie, ‘status quo’), the overall FTP availability across Census tracts was 20.88 per 100000 total population (figure 1A). Under a national FTP sales restriction that exempts tobacco specialty stores only, the average FTP availability across Census tracts would reduce to 1.49 FTP retailers per 100000 population (figure 1B). Exempting both tobacco specialty stores and alcohol outlets would result in an average of 3.77 FTP retailers per 100000 population
Schillo, B. A., Benson, A. F., Czaplicki, L., Anesetti-Rothermel, A., Kierstead, E. C., Simpson, R., Phelps, N. C., Herman, P., Zhao, C., & Rose, S. W. (2020). Modelling retailer-based exemptions in flavoured tobacco sales restrictions: national estimates on the impact of product availability. BMJ Open, 10(11), e040490.
When stratifying by store type, there was a statistically significant greater decrease in any FTP availability among policy-area convenience stores than among comparison-area convenience stores (p
Slater, S., Pugach, O., Rogers, T., Barker, D. C., Ross, A., Tworek, C., Ridgeway, W., Dart, L., & Engstrom, M. C. (2023). Changes in Retail Tobacco Product Availability Following a Chicago City Ordinance Restricting Sales of Menthol and Other Flavored Tobacco Products Near Schools. Health Education & Behavior, 50(5), 693–702.
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